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 托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization Taks (3)

 Paragraph 5: n this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their right and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers , and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike” or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gain had little immediate impact.

6) The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Made progress

○ Became active

○ Caused changes

○ Combined forces

7) The word spearheaded in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Led

○ Accepted

○ Changed

○ Resisted

8) Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800’s is supported by paragraph 5?

○ It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

○ Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.

○ It was slow to improve conditions for workers.

○ It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.

Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by diving labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

9) The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that

○ Encouraged worker to demand higher wages

○ Created divisions among workers

○ Caused work to become more specialized

○ Increased workers’ resentment of the industrial system

10) The word them in the passage refer to

○ Workers

○ Political patty loyalties

○ Disagreements over tactics

○ Agents of opportunity

Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■ After 1815 this order form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

11) Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.

Where would the sentence best fit?

12) Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1850 period. This question is worth 3 point.

Answer choices

○ A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.

○ Workers took pride in their workmanship.

○ The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.

○ Transportation networks began decline

○ Emphasis was placed on following schedules.

○ Workers went through an extensive period of training

○ Few workers expected to own their own business.