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 托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (4)

 Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

  Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

8. Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave our essential information.

○ People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.

○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently

○ People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.

○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.

9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraph 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s

○ Moral values

○ Previous experiences with aggression

○ Instinct to avoid aggression

○ Beliefs about other people’s intentions

10. The word distort in the passage in meaning to

○ Mistrust

○ Misinterpret

○ Criticize

○ Resent