托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (4)
Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■ Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■ The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “steam engines.” ■ By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. ■ Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.
Where would the sentence best fit?
12. Directions: Complete the table below by matching five of the six answer choices with the approach to aggression that they exemplify. This question 3 points.
Approach to Understanding Aggression Associated Claims
Biological approach
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Psychodynamic approach
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Cognitive approach
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Answer choices
○ Aggressive impulses toward people are sometime expressed in indirect ways.
○ Aggressiveness is often useful for individuals in the struggle for survival
○ Aggressive behavior may involve a misunderstanding of other people’s intentions.
○ The need to express aggressive impulses declines with age.
○ Acting aggressively is the result of a choice influenced by a person’s values and beliefs.
○ Repressing aggressive impulses can result in aggressive behavior.
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