托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization 解答 (2)
7) 1
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is spearheaded. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 1, “led.” The head of a spear leads the spear, so the craft workers who “spearheaded” this movement led it.
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization 解答 (1)
3) 4
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is disrupted. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 4, “upset.” The word “upset” here is used in the context of “hurting productivity.” When something is hurt or damaged. It is “upset.”
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization 解答 (1)
1) 3
This is an Information question asking for an inference that can be supported by the passage. The correct answer is choice 3, “ They were produced with more concern for quality than speed of production.” A number of statements throughout the passage support choice 3. Paragraph 1 states that “ Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans…After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.” Paragraph 2 states that “ Before the rise of the factory…skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts if intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.” Paragraph 3 states, “ The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to pressure to increase rates of productivity.”
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization Taks (3)
Paragraph 5: n this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their right and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers , and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike” or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gain had little immediate impact.
6) The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization Taks (2)
Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase of productivity. The new method of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization Taks (1)
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this order form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this order form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression 解答 (1)
9) 3
This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraphs 7 and 8. Choice 3 is the correct answer. Choice 1, “moral values,” is explicitly mentioned as one of the influences in aggressive behavior; so it is incorrect. Choice 2(“previous experiences”) and 4 sentence in paragraph 8 says, “People decide whether they will act aggressively of not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives.” Choice 3, the “instinct to avoid aggression,” is not mentioned, so it is the correct answer here.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression 解答 (2)
6) 2
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 5. The correct answer is choice 2, “a fear that their parents will punish them and stop loving them.” The question asks what causes the conflict between the desire to vent aggression and children’s fears. The answer is found in paragraph 5 in the sentence that reads, “Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses.” Answer choice 2 is the only choice that correctly identifies the cause of the conflict by repressing aggression in children.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression 解答 (1)
1) 3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 2. The correct answer is choice 3. The question asks specifically for “ evidence that indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus.” Answer choices 1 and 2 are contradicted by the paragraph. Choice 2 is incorrect because, while the paragraph states that “electrical stimulation” triggers aggressive behavior in many animals, this is not “evidence” in itself, but merely support for the more general statement in choice 3 that increased hypothalamus activity, in general, is related to aggression.
托福閱讀真題 Desert formation單字 (1)
occupy(V.) 佔用；佔據（空間或時間）；使（某人）忙於；使（某人）感興趣
approximately(Adv.) 大約
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema 解答(3)
11) 1
This is a Vocabulary Question. The word being tested is expanded. It is highlighted in the passage. Choice 1, “was enlarged,” is the correct answer. If something expanded, it grew or got bigger. ”Enlarged” also means “grew or got biggest.”
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema 解答(1)
6) 4
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. The correct answer is choice 4. Early movies were different from previous spectacles because they did not require live actors. The paragraph states (emphasis added):
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema 解答(1)
1) 3
This is a Negative Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph1. Choice 3 is the correct answer. The paragraph does mention that one viewer at a time could view the films (choice 1), that films could be viewed one after another (choice 2), and that films were short (choice 4). Prizefights are mentioned as one subject of these short films, but not necessarily the most popular one.
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema Task (3)
11) The word expanded in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Was enlarged
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema Task (2)
Paragraph 5: Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they though would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures ” their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema Task (1)
Paragraph 1: The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison’s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors , or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).
