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 托福閱讀真題 Artisans and Industrialization Taks (2)  

Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase of productivity. The new method of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

3) The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Prolonged

○ Established

○ Followed

○ Upset

Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community . Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few works rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan’s dream of setting up one’s own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

4) In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○ Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○ To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○ Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories.

○ Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

5) All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT loss of

○ Freedom

○ Status in the community

○ Opportunities for advancement

○ Contact among worker who were mot managers