TED 營造美好談話經驗的10個原則 - 中文(1)
好的，我想讓大家舉手示意一下，有多少人曾經在Facebook上拉黑過好友，因為他們發表過關於政治，宗教，兒童權益，或者食物等，不恰當的言論，有多少人至少有一個不想見的人，因為你就是不想和對方說話？
要知道，在過去想要一段禮貌的交談我們只要遵循亨利﹒希金斯在《窈窕淑女》中的忠告，只談論天氣和你的健康狀況就行了。但這些年隨著氣候變化以及反對疫苗運動的開展——這招不怎麼管用了。因此，在我們生活的這個世界，這個每一次交談，都有可能發展為爭論的世界，政客無法彼此交談，甚至為那些雞毛蒜皮的事情。都有人群情緒激昂地贊成或者反對，這太不正常了。皮尤研究中心對一萬名美國成年人做了一次調查，發現此刻我們的偏激程度，我們立場鮮明的程度，比歷史上任何時期都要高。
推薦書單 - 口說 (基礎) 
連面試官都讚嘆的英語口試應考大全
作者：秦蘇珊 出版社：捷徑文化 ( ISBN： 9789866163579 )
心得：內文目錄
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema (2)
With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theaters, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
托福閱讀真題 Early Cinema (1)
The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial “peepshow” format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison’s peepshow, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. Fir the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive round of a single fight).
托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (4)
Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■ Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■ The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “steam engines.” ■ By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. ■ Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (4)
Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (2)
Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “ steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression Task (1)
Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
托福閱讀真題 Aggression (2)
According to psychodynamic theory, the best way to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one’s favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impulses as “catharsis.” Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But research findings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lower likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.
